Andrea's+Group+-+Sir+Francis+Bacon

__ Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)​ __ Bacon used "Shakespeare" as a pen name. “To write with powerful effect, he must write out the life he has led, as did Bacon when he wrote Shakespeare." Mark Twain

Group Members: Andrea Haberman, Megan Hallett, Kendra Eckbold, Josh Akell, Anthony DiEleuterio, Sam Phillips

  __ Life of Francis Bacon __  __The //Promus//__ //The Promus of Formularies and Elegancies// was written by Francis Bacon. This book is a journal that contains ideas that Bacon wanted to use in his writings. Entries are entered in several different languages including English, Spanish, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek. In numerous "Shakespeare" plays, ideas discussed in the //Promus// are displayed.
 * Letter from Bacon to poet John Davies (1603): "So desiring you to be good to //**__concealed poets__**,// I continue, yours very assured, Fr. Bacon."
 * Letter to Bacon from Tobie Matthews (1623): "The most prodigious wit, that ever I knew of my nation, and of this side of the sea, is of your Lordship's name, **//__though he be known by another__//**."
 * While growing up Bacon was surrounded by genius. His mother spoke five languages, and was regarded as one of the most well educated women of her time.
 * Bacon attended Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of 12 where he studied science and philosophy.
 * Bacon's father died when Bacon was 18, and Bacon was left with no money because he was the youngest son.
 * At the age of 23, Bacon decides to become a lawyer because he has little money.
 * Bacon wrote letters of sound advise to Elizabeth I, but his advice was never implicated.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Bacon was knighted on July 23, 1603, and was made commissioner for the union of Scotland and England for the schemes he proposed for the union of Scotland and England, and the measures that he recommended for dealing with Roman Catholics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">In 1613, Bacon was appointed attorney general for England.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Bacon became a privy councilor in 1616, and in 1618 he was appointed lord chancellor.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">In 1620 Bacon was charged by the parliamentary with accepting bribes. He confessed but was "heartily and penitently sorry." Ultimately, he was imprisoned for a term, and banished from parliamentary and the court, whereupon he retired to his family residence at Gorhambury.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">In 1621 the king pardoned Bacon but prohibited his return to parliament or the courts.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">In Bacon's "spare time," he wrote scientific essays.

The Promus: "He who loans to a friend loses double." Hamlet (Act I, sc. 3): "Loan oft loses both itself and friend."

The Promus: "Things done cannot be undone." Macbeth (Act V, sc. 1): "What's done cannot be undone."

The Promus: "He who has not patience has nothing." Othello (Act II, sc. 3): "How poor are they that have not patience." <span style="color: #cf3430; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;"> __ Years Relating to the Investigation __

<span style="color: #cf3430; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 200%;">__Ciphers__
<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">Bacon created a few ciphers: The Simple Cipher, The Reverse Cipher, and the Kay Cipher. In each cipher, each number represents a different letter of the alphabet. Bacon used ciphers throughout "Shakespeare's" plays to secretly credit himself. When using The Simple Cipher, B-A-C-O-N (2+1+3+14+13) = 33.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;"> **//Julius Caesar//:** Caesar receives 33 wounds before he dies.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">**//King Henry IV, Part 1//:** The names "Fran" and Francis" are used a combined total of 33 times on page 56.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">The Simple Cipher **
 * A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M ||
 * 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 ||


 * N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || V || W || X || Y || Z ||
 * 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 ||

**<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">The Reverse Cipher **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">A || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">B || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">C || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">D || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">E || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">F || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">G || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">H || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">I || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">K || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">L || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">M ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">24 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">23 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">22 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">21 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">20 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">19 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">18 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">17 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">16 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">15 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">14 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">13 ||

**<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">The Kay Cipher **
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">N || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">O || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">P || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">Q || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">R || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">S || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">T || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">V || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">W || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">X || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">Y || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">Z ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">12 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">11 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">10 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">9 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">8 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">7 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">6 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">5 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">4 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">3 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">2 || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%; text-align: left;">1 ||


 * A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M ||
 * 27 || 28 || 29 || 30 || 31 || 32 || 33 || 34 || 35 || 10 || 11 || 12 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> Bacon hid his name in lines throughout "Shakespeare's" plays. For example, the following lines appear in Act I scene 1 of //Julius// //Caesar:// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || V || W || X || Y || Z ||
 * 13 || 14 || 15 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 22 || 23 || 24 ||
 * B ** ut what trade art thou? Answer me direct1y.
 * A** trade, sir, that that I hope I may use, with a safe
 * CON**science, which is indeed, sir, a mender of bad soules.

Act I scene 2 of //The Tempest//:
 * B**egun to tell me what I am, but stopped
 * A**nd left me to a bootless inquisition,
 * CON**cluding, 'Stay, not yet'.

Other examples of hidden "Bacons" can be found in Act V scene 5 of //Cymbeline//, Act V scene 2 of //The Taming of the Shrew//, and Act II scene 1 of //Measure for Measure//, to name a few.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">In Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence’s book, //Bacon is Shakespeare// (1910), he gives proof of Bacon’s use of cryptographs. A long word cited in "Shakespeare's" play //Love’s Labour’s Lost// “honorificabilitudinitatibus” is an anagram for: “hi ludi F. Baconis tuiti orbi.” It means "These plays, the offspring of F. Bacon, are preserved for the world." This anagram came from a page in Bacon’s First Folio. __ Harpweek Cartoon __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Caption: "Bohemians at the grave of Shakespeare." //Harper's Weekly// published this cartoon on October 3, 1874 which suggests that Francis Bacon wrote the plays which are attributed to William Shakespeare. In the cartoon, the man in the foreground is trying to decipher the epitaph on the gravestone expecting a secret code telling who is the real shakespeare, and A. Oakey Hall, a former New York mayer, and a play-wright himself, stands ready to dig up the grave. This is a mimic of Delia Bacon's (who has no relationship to Francis Bacon) earlier attempt to open Shakespeares grave. Mark Twain, who believed that Shakespeare was not the true author, is shown pulling the bust of Shakespeare off the gravestone, symbolizing that William Shakespeare did not write the Shakespearean plays.

__ Places Traveled __ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Countries Bacon traveled to include England, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and Denmark. Bacon also visited the Bermudas. If Shakespeare never left England, there is no possibility he could obtain a vast amount of knowledge about several cities in Italy. Shakespeare could not have written twelve plays set in Italy; however, Bacon went on an excursion through Italy.
 * Plays that took place in Italy:** //Antony and Cleopatra// (part of it), //Coriolanus, Cymbeline, Julius Caesar, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, The Taming of the Shrew, Titus Andronicus, Twelfth Night, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Winter’s Tale//
 * Plays that took place in France:** //All’s Well That Ends Well//
 * Plays that took place in Denmark:** //Hamlet// (in Elsinore in eastern Denmark)

On a trip to the Virginia Colonies, the ship Bacon was traveling on was shipwrecked in the Bermudas, which was known as "the Isle of the Devils." In the play //The Tempest//, a ship is wrecked on "the Isle of the Devils."

The knowledge of European geography shown in the plays of Shakespeare could only be known of a well-traveled man who has familiarity with the Continent.

__ Other Coincidences Between Bacon and Shakespeare __

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">There are too many coincidences between Bacon and Shakespeare. Follow the link to a website that discusses over seventy-five coincidences between the two. []
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Bacon wrote a pamphlet called //Cogitationes de Natura Rerum// in late 1603/yearly 1604. In the pamphlet Bacon asserts that the Earth is a cold mass while sun, stars, and other planets are made of fire. The pamphlet also states that the universe revolved around the sun, instead of the universe revolving around the Earth. Hamlet was written in 1586 and first publicized in 1603. In the first print, there is a poem and the first line reads “Doubt that earth is fire.” Then the second publication in 1604, the line was changed to read “Doubt that the stars are fire.” The second line of the original publication read "Doubt that the stars doth move." In the second publication the line reads "Doubt that the sun doth move." Bacon and Shakespeare just happened to come across the same conclusions at the same time.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">From 1589 and 1607 Francis Bacon was out of employment. During this time, Shakespeare’s plays regularly appeared. Then in 1607, Bacon became the Solicitor-General. At the same time, Shakespeare’s plays did not appear frequently. The plays did not start to appear very often until 1621, which is when Bacon fell from power. In 1623, //The First Folio// was published. The book contained thirty-six plays. Eighteen of the plays had never been published before, while the others had been edited. Bacon spent 1621 through 1623 revising and creating “Shakespeare’s” plays.

<span style="color: #cf3430; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__Why Bacon Did Not Take Credit__ During this time, it was considered beneath nobleman to allow poetry and plays to be written under his name. Having published poetry or plays would reduce a nobleman's prestige in court. Also, the opinions that were expressed in plays could endanger an author because of the shifting favoritism in the government. <span style="color: #cf3430; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 240%;"> __An Example of Sir Francis Bacon's Work:__

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Thus, why would Bacon have pseudonym to keep covered up?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">"Sel" can be interpreted as: sell, tell, or betray.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">"In a noted weed" has been referred to as "in a pseudonym."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">First off, a pseudonym is a fictitious name one uses, also known as a pen name.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Bacon's mentioning of a pseudonym clearly means he has thought of the idea of a pseudonym. In //Sonnet No. 76//, he states, "Why write I still all one...and keep inuention in a noted weed [a pseudonym]."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">That line is analyzed to say: Why must I keep my invention in a pseudonym?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Also, During this time, the letter "u" was often used in place of the letter "v," and vise versa.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Examples: "inuention" = invention, "euer" = ever

<span style="color: #cf3430; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">__Works Cited__: Best, M (2005). //The first folio (1623)//. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Durning-Lawrence, Sir Edwin. (1910). //Bacon is Shake-speare//. New York: The John McBride Co. Retrieved from: []

Encyclopedia: BACON, Francis, 1st Baron Verulam and Viscount Saint Albans (2006). //History.com//. Retrieved from: [].

Gateway to Wisdom. // The Francis Bacon Research Trust //. Retrieved from: [].

Gerald, L. New advancement of learning. //sirbacon.org//. Retrieved from: [].

Proudfoo ​ t, R., Thompson, A., & Kastan, S.D. (Eds.). (1998). //The// //Arden// //Shakespeare complete works//. London: Arden Shakespeare.

Reed, E. //Francis Bacon our Shake-speare//. Retrieved from <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-weight: normal;">Simpson, D (2006). Francis Bacon (1561-1626). In //The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy//. Retrieved from []. **